I refer to the change of meanings in words over a period of time, or as wikipedia puts it, "semantic change is the evolution of word usage — usually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from the original usage. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations, which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings. The study of semantic change can be seen as part of etymology, onomasiology, semasiology, and semantics." - some words there, I've never encountered before!
( etymological dictionary at http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=p&allowed_in_frame=0, )
There are numerous examples which I needn't repeat here but you can read the article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change - my point is this; consider the words of William Shakespear written over 400 years ago, many people find it hard to uderstand some of his writings, but if you think they're confusing, you shoud try reading Geoffrey Chaucer writing over 600 years ago! So what are we to make of Bessler's words written only 300 years ago?
Samuel Johnson, a contemporary of Bessler's and famous for publishing the first English dictionary wrote numerous articles and books, wrote for example, ""He that has much to do will do something wrong, and of that wrong must suffer the consequences; and, if it were possible that he should always act rightly, yet when such numbers are to judge of his conduct, the bad will censure and obstruct him by malevolence, and the good sometimes by mistake." It's easy enough to understand but the sentences are long and convoluted and you can doubtless imagine trying to translate that into German, for instance.
(Samual Johnson's dictionary at http://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofengl01johnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up )
But there is another aspect to take into account and that is Bessler's use of slang. He was taught to use robust language in his poetry, by Christian Weise his teacher, and he did so with enthusiasm. We therefore have to take into account the use of slang and try to understand its relationship to modern meaning. One way to appreciate the difficulty with this is to consider just the differences between British English and American English - and we reputably, speak the same language, imagine the difference between English and German slang, separated by 300 years!
Finally there is Bessler's use of metaphors in his writing. Metaphor is a figure of speech that describes a subject by asserting that it is, on some point of comparison, the same as another otherwise unrelated object, and it compares two objects or things without using the words "like" or "as". How are we to always understand that he is using metaphors in his descriptions of things? Sometimes it's obvious, but not always.
Bessler described a land where"roast pigeons fly into your mouth," not likely but an agreeable metaphor.
JC
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